| .ןבל ילאילחנ (361 | ||||||||||
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ןורגהו םייחלה .רופאו ןבל ,רוחשב העובצ ,בנז תכורא ,הנטק רופיצ :ןבל ילאילחנ הבקנה לש , ץצונ רוחשה עבצה םירכזל .םירוחש הזחה לעש ןורהסהו דוקדוקה ,םינבל .תונבל תינוציחה תורבאהו רוחש בנזה .םינבל בחור יספ ינש םע תורוחש םיפנכה .רופא .תוכורא תועבצא תלעבו ההובג ,הקד לגרה תסיפ .רשיו ןידע ,רוחש רוקמה .רבדמה תעוצרל דע הקירפא ןופצו היסאמ קלח ,םיטקראילפה םירוזאב ערתשמ ולודיג תיב םימ יוקמל ךומסב ,הצחמל םיירבדמ םירוזאל דעו הרדנוטהמ ,םיחותפ םיפונב יח ילאילחנה .םדא ירוגמ תביבסבו םיקותמ .ץראה ןופצב םירידנ ץיק ירגוד ,ץראה לכב םהינומהב ףרוח ירקבמו חרוא ירבוע ,םינימ תת העברא םנשי ץראב | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
M. a. alba Iceland, Faeroes, continental Europe, Asia Minor, and Levant. And from Urals, W Caucasus and E Turkey. M. a. yarrellii Britain, Ireland, and locally on coasts of W Europe. M. a. dukhunensis S-E European USSR and C Siberia, E to Ywniawy , S to Transcaucasia, N Iran and N Uzbekistan, M. a. subpersonata Morocco. M. a. persica w and C Iran, E to Zagros mountains. M. a. personata E Iran, Turkmeniya to C Asia to pamirs, N-E Mongolia to Angara River. W Egypt. M. a. ocularis N-E Siberia. M. a. baicalensis from Lake Baykal and N Mongolia to Anor river. M. a. lugens S Kamchatka, southern shores of Sea of Okhotsk, S to Japan and ussuriland. M. a. leucopsis S Mongolia, N and E China. M. a. alboides Kashmir through Himalayas and southern Tibet to S-W China. | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.17-18 cm, 18-26 g, wingspan 25-30 cm. The pied plumage with grey back and long, frequently wagged tail easily identify this active, ground-dwelling species.Adult essentially black, grey and white. Crown from above eye, nape, chin, throat, chest, and all but outermost tail-feathers black. Mantle, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and suffusion on flanKs clean grey, darkest on upper mantle, palest on scapulars. Forehead, forecrown, lores, cheeks, patch on lower sides of neck, fringes and tips of median and greater wing-coverts, fringes of tertials, underbody, and edges of outer tail-feathers wite. males of the various races differing mostly in back color and more or less well marked face. Racial distinctions much less clear in females, even absent in immatures. Sexes dissimilar. Habitat.From highest mainland latitudes to middle oceanic as well as continental zones, Arctic and subarctic, boreal, temperate, steppe, Mediterranean, and even desert fringes.Correspondingly adaptable as between wide variety of waterside habitats: lakes, rivers, streams, canals, estuaries, and sea coasts, also others distant from water, especially where agriculture, pastoralism, human settlements, roads, airfields, parks, gardens,and gravel-pits. Food and FeedingMainly small invertebrates. Three main foraging techniques:1) Picks items from ground or water surface while walking, will also walk on floating vegetation. 2) Run-picking, makes quick darting run at prey, picking it up either from surface or as it takes off. 3) Flycatching, makes short flight from ground, catching prey in mid-air. In winter, feeds at edges of puddles, lakes, and rivers, taking items washed up. Breeding.Apr-May in N-W Europe, Jun in Iceland and N Scandinavia, Apr-Jul in S and S-E Europe, May-Jun in North Africa.Nest site, hole or crevice in wide variety of natural and artificial sites, including building, wall, bank, cliff, pile of debris, dense bosh, old nest of other species. From ground level upwards. Nest , cup of twigs, grass stems and leaves, roots, and moss, lined with hair, wool, and feathers. 5-6 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and glossy, whitish, blue-white or grey, with fine, even freckling of grey-brown or grey, occasionally with brown spots. Incubation 12-16 days by both sexes. Movements.Varies from wholly migratory to more or less resident. Most northern populations migrate south to Mediterranean area, tropics and subtropics of Africa, peninsular India, and south-east Asia.Populations from Britain and Ireland largely resident, progressively so southward, but with many upland areas, especially in north, deserted in winter. Autumn passage occurs across entire length of Mediterranean. Strong passage through Gibraltar. Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. European population, estimated about 5 millions pairs.Israel.In Israel four subspecies M. a. alba abundant migrant and winter visitor and quite rare breeder. M. a. dukhunensis a scarce migrant and rare winterer in small num' through eastern areas of the country. M. a. yarrellii accidental in Eilat, and M. a. personata stragler in Hula Valley. |
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