| .ץיוצמ ינורפע (333 | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||
|
ותיחמ ירוזא יפל הנתשמ ועבצ ,ספסופמ רפרפא-םוח עבצב עובצו ,םשוגמ הארנ .יתלזב רופאל דעו ילוח םוחמ ילוח םתכ הלגתמ ופועמ תעשב .תונבל אלו לוחה עבצב תוינוציחה ויתורבאו רצק ובנז .רכזה לשמ הרצק הציצה הבקנל .ופנכ תיתחתב םיחותפ םיפונב .היסא זכרמל םשמו הקירפאב הוושמה וקל דעו הפוריא זכרממ ולודיג תיב .םירעו םירפכ תביבסב םגו רבדמ תואנ ,תוידאו ,הצחמל תוירבדמב ,םיילוחו םיישרט .ץראה יקלח לכב םיביצי .םינימ תת השולש םנשי ץראב .גי 'טל בויא ... הסלענ םיננר ףנכ ... | ||||||||||
|
Subspecies and Distribution.
European Group. G. c. cristata C Europe south to N-W Spain, N-E Italy, N Yugoslavia and N-W Hungary. USSR: Baltic republics, Belorussiya, and N Ukraine east to kiev. G. c. pallida Iberia (except N-W Spain). G. c. kleinschmidti Morocco S to Raabat. G. c. neumanni Itali from Toscans to Rome. G. c. apuliae S-E and S I taly and Sicily. G. c. meridionalis Yugoslavia, albania, bulgaria Greece, and westernmost Asia Minor. G. c. cypriaca Rhodos and Cyprus. G. c. tenuirostris N-E Yugoslavia, E Hungary, Rumania and S European USSR, E to Ural R, & Caucasus. G. c. caucasica Caucasus, W-C Trancaucasia, N-E Turkey. African Group. G. c. riggenbachi W Morocco. G. c. carthaginis coastal N-W Africa. G. c. randonii Algeria to E Morocco. G. c. macrorhyncha N Algerian Sahara. G. c. arenicola N-E Algerian Sahara, S Tunisia and Tripolitania. G. c. helenae S-E Algeria & S-E Libya?. G. c. festae Benghazi to Tobruk. Sudan Arabian Grup. G. c. nigricans Nile delta. G. c. maculata Cairo-Aswan & Alexandria-Suez Canal. G. c. halfae Nile valley. G. c. brachyura N-E Libya, N-W Egypt, Egyptian Red Sea coast, Sinai, Israel, Jordan and N Arabia to Iraq. G. c. cinnamomina from M Carmel to Beirut. G. c. Zion from Jerusalem to Lebanon, Syria & S Turkey. G. c. subtaurica C Turkey. | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.17 cm, 40-45 g, wingspan 30-38 c. Medium sized lark, with long spiky crest on rear crown, portly character on ground stemming most from usually deep belly and rather short tail. Distinctly bulkier about head and body, with rather long, strong bill and rather short, broad tail. Plumage pattern and colors, stronger facial marks, heavy moustaches, more open chest streaks on paler ground, more uniform upperparts and buff outer tail feathers.Habitat.Widely spread across and beyond continental west Palearctic, from fringe of boreal zone through desert zones, including oases. Prefers lowland plains and levels, although ascending in Atlas and Switzerland mountains.Avoids mountainous, broken, forested, wetland, muddy, and most coastal terrain, and is more of a steppe bird in Africa than in Asia. Food and FeedingMainly dite based on plant material and fewer invertebrates in winter.Most food taken from on or below ground surface. Digs with blows of bill to left and right. Will take insects by aerial-pursuit and stripping wings off before eating body. Breeding.Mar-Jul in W Germany and France, Apr-Jun in Spain, Mar-Jun in N Africa, mid Apr in S USSR, mid Mar in Saudi Arabia.Nes on ground in the open, or in shelter of low shrub or tussock, also under low bank. The nest is shallow depression with untidy lining of grass or other vegetation. New nest built for each clutch by female only, taking 2-4 days. 3-5 eggs, smooth and glossy, off-white to grey white,finely spotted and speckled buff-brwon abd grey. Incubation 11-13 days by female only, though male may stand covering eggs while female away from nest. Movements.Mainly resident in Europe, even as far north as Sweden, though number of stragglers to Baltic coasts, Norway, W German and Dutch Frisian Islands, and Britain show that some birds move. Largely migratory in north of USSR breeding range.Mainly resident elsewhere, some dispersal occurs, but scale uncertain. Apparently sedentary in North Africa, Middle East, and northern India, where birds show much subspeciation and adaptation of plumage color to that of local soils. Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. Decreased in central and north Europe.Israel.In Israel three subspecies G. c. cinnamomina in west and central Galilee and on the Carmel.G. c. zion in northern and central Israel, and fom Shomron mountains, Golan and Jordan hills. G. c. brachyura in steppes of the Negev, Arava, Dead Sea Depression along Jordan River Valley. |
| |||||||||
| HOME | NEXT | |||||||||
