| .תציוצמ תיוויק (173 | ||||||||||
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ינמגרא קורי עבצב קהוב הבג רוחש ,םינבל םירוחשה היעבצב תטלוב ,םיימפוחה ןיבמ תדחוימ התרוצ :תציוצמ תיויק .תולגועמ תוארנ היפנכ הפועמב .הרוחשו הכורא תיציצ השארל .שמשה רוא וילע לופנב .ףרוחב ןבלו ץיקב רוחש הנורג ,תורהנ יכפש ,םיקותמ םימ יווקמ תודג ףרוחה תפוקתב .ןופצ תוברע ,הציב תומדא ,ךומנ בשע תודש ,הלודיג תיב .םי-יפוחבו ץוב ,לוח יחטשמ .ןופצב הרידנ תננקמ איהש ןכתיו הנניק רבעב , היוצמ חרוא תרבועו תפרוח ץראב | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
Vanellus vaellus C Turkey and NW Iran thuough W Russia and Kazakhstan to S and E Siberia, Mongolia and N China. Winters from W Europe, E Atlantic islands and N Africa through Mediterranean, Middle East and Iraq across N India to S E China and S Japan. | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.30 cm, 130-330 g, wingspan 85 cm.Metallic glossy green upperparts, blackish crest and bronze scapulars, very broad wings, especially in breeding males. Female has lees distinctive head pattern and white flecks on throat. Non breeding adult has buff face, and white chin and throat. Juvenile similar to non breeding akult, but has more extensive buff feather fringes and narrower and browner breast band. Habitat.Breeds in variety of wide open habitats with short vegetation or bare ground, including various wetlands, heaths, moors, arable fields, meadows and hay fields.Outside breeding season also appears on harvested stubble and ploughed fields. Roosting flocks prefer spacious, old pastures and sometimes appear on mudflats. Food and FeedingFeeds on invertebrate pry, primarily earthworms and insects, including beetles, ants, moths and crickets, also spiders and snails.On arable fields, adults and chicks take mainly cranefly larvae and earthworms. Sometimes feeds by foot trembling. Diurnal and nocturnal, sometimes even primarily nocturnal on bright, moonlit nights. Breeding.Mar-Jun, mostly seasonally monogamous, but sometimes polygamous. Territorial during incubation, solitary breeder, with average densities. High degree of site faithfulness in males, and high degree of natal philopatry, usually nesting within 60 km of hatching site.Nest is shallow scrape, lined with some vegetation, situated in short grassy vegetation. 4 egges, incubation 21-28 days. Downy chick pale brown or cinnamon, with black streaks and blotches and white nape. Chicks tended by both parents, although brooding primarily by female. Age of first breeding 1 year. Movements.Resident and migratory. After breeding season gathers in flocks. Breeding areas left as early as beginning of summer, movements starting already in early Jun.Movements during summer are mainly westward. British and southernmost breeders partly sedentary. Migration towards SW takes place in Sep-Oct, and starts with cold spells. Wintering area bordered by 3 C isotherm, but exact S and W distribution depends on weather. Spring migration at peak in early Mar, but can start as early as Jan. Males precede females. Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. Estimated 7.000.000 birds in EuropeIsrael.In Israel subspecies Vanellus vanellus. Common passage migrant and abundant winter visitor, former breeder in northern valleys, now casual?. |
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